Pharmacy Education in India and Bengal free essay sample

The Role of Pharmacists as indicated by WHO is the acquisition, control, distribution and rational use of Drugs to extend the use of best Drugs in the Rural Health care along with other levels of health Care System. Effective medicines, as they observed can be practicised by an efficient Drug Management only. To deal with the supply, dispensing of Drugs and Health Appliances in keeping with the needs of the people of the present century. To formulate proposals for necessary development of health care system with the needs of the people of West Bengal. Among the series of roles the Pharmacist deals with along with some of their most important roles which are prescribed by the WHO. To attend these roles affectively the different foreign countries have prescribed their qualifications upto the university level and in Bengal presently, B. Pharma, M. Pharma M. Tech (Pharma) is available and D. Pharm. being the minimum need. But all these higher courses are regular courses and the practicing pharmacist mainly those who are Diploma holders are not getting the opportunities due to non implication or existence of yet any distinctive Govt. Policy to attend the college regularly for updating the educational qualification. With advancement in every field, the profession of pharmacy has also witnessed tremendous changes. The community expects more professional services from pharmacists and not as just drug sellers. There are many community pharmacists serving the country with just D. Pharm. Qualification and in West Bengal this situation is more worse as they are belongs to D Category mainly unqualified personnel who are not well equipped with adequate information. In the whole West Bengal there are more than 44000 retail pharmacies and in most of these drug stores, the medicine is dispensed by D category pharmacists. Based on the provisions of Pharmacy Council of India, (PCI) the West Bengal Pharmacy Council had given D category certificates to Class VIII passed people of those migrated from Bangladesh and Myanmar after Bengal division in 1905 on consideration of livelihood. About one lakh D category certificate holders secured jobs in private pharmacies and hospitals by using these certificates till 1978. Even now most of the retail pharmacies in West Bengal are managed by these D category pharmacists and the certificates were issued only till 1978. Currently their number is 77234 and all are aged. The pharmacy council of India has taken a decision to discontinue the D. Pharm. course soon. India being one of the developing countries is yet to meet the needs of people as basic education, health, hygiene etc. Most of our people live in rural areas and do not have basic facilities such as primary health centers, clinics or even approach roads. This rural population including the urban population needs multifarious activities from pharmacists. The PCI defines Pharmacy as â€Å"a profession which is concerned with the art and science of preparing from natural and synthetic sources, suitable and convenient materials for distribution and use in the treatment and prevention of disease. It embraces a knowledge of the identification, preservation, combination, analysis and standardization of drugs and medicines besides synthesis of new drug molecules, manufacturing of various dosage forms, (Liquid orals, powders, tablets, capsules, ointments, injections, ophthalmic products, etc. quality control, clinical trials, bio-availability, research, side-effects, compatibility, in-compatibility, indications, contra-indications, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology etc†. But the role of PCI in whole India is like deaf and dumb and silent and also suspicious. The managers of PCI should be changed immediately for the future betterment of Pharmacy. A Flashback: Germination of Pharmacy Education The history of pharmacy education in India is as old as when the country was being gravitated towards British Emperorship. A wind of revolution had been started to innovate something different in the education system of Indian Medical Services. Upto the middle of the nineteenth century, the pharmaceutical education and training remained in a state of neglect. The scenario of pharmacy practice was pathetic. The dispensing of prescriptions continued to be carried out by compounders, who had a low level of preliminary training and education. The compounders were lowly paid professionals. There were a few European trained pharmacists who were employed by private firms. The seed of the pharmacy education in India was sown first by Medical College, Madras in 1860. Steps were taken to start pharmacy classes to impart pharmaceutical skills for the students qualifying for medical degrees or diploma or hospital assistance ship. The steps proved to be useful for the students intending to qualify as chemist and druggists. Broadly it was copying the practice as it prevailed at the time in Britain. The classes continued with increase of the duration of study to 2 years and entry qualification being made matriculation in due course. The Materia Medica proved supportive to boost up the pharmacy education. The students were taught Materia Medica and instructed in the mode of preparing the principle compounds of the Pharmacopoeia and Materia Medica. In the middle of the nineteenth century these professionals got scientifically educated and trained. Initially the chemist and druggist class at Madras Medical College didnt get popular and attracted less than half dozen students per annum. The reasons could have been the limited prospects of employment for the so qualified personnel. Voices were raised favoring the view that the present chemist and druggist course be washed out. However the class remained in operation and received Government sanction for continuance in the Madras Medical College as a permanent arrangement. The curriculum of studies was revised with inclusion of study of organic chemistry also. After that the course underwent various revolutions at many times and also started in some other universities like Medical College, Visakhapattnam. The pharmacy education in India was going to pass through a mutation when the founder of Banaras Hindu University Mahamanya Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya met Prof. M. L. Schroff and Mahamana offered him to join B. H. U. By the untiring efforts of Prof. M. L. Schroff in July 1937 Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy were introduced as the subjects for B. Sc. degree. Since then there has been no looking back. Pharmacy came to be recognized as a well-established course with fruitful outcomes. Current Scenario of Pharmaceutical education plays a very prominent role in attaining sustainable and equitable development of a country. The curriculum of the degree in some developed countries (B. Pharm. usually requires 5 academic years of study. In most of the European countries successful completion of a university degree leads to a one-year internship. The formal pharmacy education in India (3 year degree in BHU) dates back 1932, and since then, there has been a continuous growth in number of such institutions. As per PCI 2005 diary calendar, the total numbers of recognized degree institutions are 220 with intake of 1 2506 students. And as per AICTE, the total numbers of degree colleges are 445 with the intake of 24672 students as well 30 institutions for the post graduation in various fields. The number of accredited institutions like the National Institute of Pharmacy Education Research (NIPER) is very few. Faculty strength and its quality is a problem. The education system is not geared for the WTO era. Management is not proactive in providing facilities and necessary educational environment. National pay scales are not fully implemented and hence good academia is missing. There are a few centers of excellence where students get all the facilities and are well placed after their graduation. In the next decade, pharmaceutical industries will scout for pharmacy graduates who are inclined to research. Therefore, pharmacy colleges must appoint the right faculty. In this regard the Pharmacy educational system is more pathetic and neglected. Out of the total 10 pharmacy colleges in the state, eight colleges are under private management. In the remaining two, one is a government college and other is self-financed. The 3 Diploma Colleges like Kalyani, Bankura and Jalpaiguri are under Director of Health Services ( DHS) and only one Degree college in the whole state at Jalpaiguri is under the Director of Medical Education( DME) under Govt. f West Bengal Department of Health Family Welfare and rest of the Diploma Colleges are under Polytechnic, i. e. Department of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal. All the Colleges should be immediately brought under one umbrella and must have to be promoted as per WHO and other International guidelines to Degree Colleges to provide the quality services to the people of this state which is being neglected and suppressed during the left regime. Ed ucation Standards at Present There is no doubt that currently there is enormous gap existing between education and practice of pharmacy. Most of the academic institutions providing education in pharmacy are away from practice environment. The overall basis of pharmacy education is still extrabiological synthesis, physicochemical studies, analysis, and manufacturing aspects of drug. It is a common feeling that the medical practitioner is better placed for pharmacists job than the pharmacists themselves. The dispensing services are poor. The syllabus and duration of the two-year diploma course in pharmacy education in India is completely outdated and irrelevant in the present industry context. It is a heterogeneous mixture of clinical and industrial subjects. Since clinical subjects are there PCI comes into the picture and AICTE came in because of industrial orientation of pharmacy syllabus. Pharmacy as a nascent science developed like this in the last century. During 1940s and 50s, hospitals and industries were established in large numbers in India. Consequently, pharmacists and pharmaceutical chemists were required in huge numbers. Hence pharmacy education was developed in such a way to satisfy the requirement of industry and hospital. Short-term compounders and or D. Pharm. ourse to satisfy the needs of hospital and medical shops and B. Pharm. course for the industry were started. This is proved by the fact that in the last few decades D. Pharm. holders are not employed by the industry and B. Pharm. holders are not in many numbers in hospitals or medical shops. In the West, pharmacy education is patient-oriented and is responsible for Healthcare Management, while in Ind ia pharmacy education is industry-oriented. Nearly 55 per cent of the jobs are available in the industry sector while 30 per cent in education. There are only three per cent jobs in healthcare. There must be revolutionary changes in the healthcare system e. g. making laws and Govt. Policies for appointing pharmacists at each Primary Health Centre and government hospitals. There should be adequate staff in the state drugs control departments for better control of drug distribution system. It is crystal clear that separation and improvement of clinical and industrial subjects in the pharmacy syllabus is a compulsion of the time. But it is yet to be completed, that is why there is such a situation and a lot of infighting among government authorities. Present B. Pharm. syllabus can be divided into 2 major courses like B. Pharm (Clinical) and B. Pharm (Industrial) as it has been already decided to abolish D. Pharm. course. Maximum states have already taken suitable measures including Central Govt in this regard except West Bengal. Such an arrangement will increase the confidence and competitive skills of pharmacy graduates among health care team and technocrats and some sort of specialization during under graduation itself. If two B. Pharm. ourses are created as above, needless to say clinical course can be controlled by PCI and industrial course by AICTE. Private college managements can opt for any one of the courses. If any college wants to run both the courses they should accept both masters, there is no other go. Existing D. Pharm. Colleges who are in the verge of closure can adopt B. Pharm. (Clinical) and continue to serve the profession. This stunted growth of professional pharmacy in our country is the result of misplaced be lief that profession is same as vocation. This belief has kept Indian pharmacy academics completely focused on industrial pharmacy at the cost of real – community pharmacy. While the justification for focusing pharmacy education on Industrial Pharmacy after attaining national freedom was valid, its review to make it relevant in contemporary scenario is already too late. Our present system has produced half a million qualified pharmacists but not many trained professionals. This has effectively led to a situation where neither there is a need felt by the society nor is there anyone available to fulfill that professed need. This situation feeds on itself to such an extent that any attempt to keep ones knowledge updated and work professionally has strong economic disincentives in Indian retail pharmacy practice. Gravity of the situation dawns upon us when we think about petitions filed in High courts that propose scrapping of the Pharmacy Act because the pharmacists according to petitioners do not play any role other than selling the drugs like all other commodities. There is virtually a complete lack of any training or incentive to professionalise – as a result of which even the most enthusiastic pharmacists gradually convert into mere traders. The uninspiring implementation of statutory provisions has led to a cancerous proliferation of retail drug shops and the situation now threatens the profession itself. The retail pharmacist shall be relevant to the society `only if he can make a difference to the patient by providing him information about drug usage to achieve better outcome than the patient obtains by uninformed usage of drugs. We the members of this West Bengal Progressive Pharmacist Association very much concerned and worried regarding the future of this knowledge based profession which is being more degraded and lost every respect in the society due to previous Govt. egligence and dirty politics which we do strongly hope and desire that our respected and beloved Didi and her eminent and efficient associates will not walk and follow the same path. Apart from whatever else is taught in pharmacy colleges under the garb of Pharmacy Practice- I feel the following are mandatory subjects: Pharmaco-therapeutics, Communi cation skills and Hands down training on computer operations. Every Pharmacist must be trained and experienced in working as a health-care team member and this factor is not to be underestimated in the formal education design. Driving an automobile can be learnt only in an automobile -on a road. Or you at least need a simulator to learn driving. Similarly, pharmacy practice cannot be taught in an institution that has no affiliation with a patient-care set up. This fundamental principle must be kept in mind before a Pharmacy Practice course is conceived. The pharmacy teachers community should take notice of this critical and important issue and involve a cross section of practicing pharmacists to review and suggest a relevant curriculum. Any further delay will diminish whatever slim chances we believe we have today of projecting Pharmacy as a socially relevant profession. The main aims should be in this regard are: †¢ Minimum qualification should be B. Pharm as Pharmacist. Present Diploma Holders should be given immediate chance for higher qualification as a part of continuous Medical Education through T. R along with ACP and other suitable promotions in their service. †¢ To prescribe minimum standard of education required for qualifying as a pharmacist i. e. framing of Education Regulations prescribing the conditions to be fulfilled by the institutions seeking approval of the PCI for imparting education in pharmacy. To ensure uniform implementation of the educational standards through out the country. †¢ To approve the courses of study and examination for pharmacists i. e. approval of the academic training institutions providing pharmacy courses. The curriculum of pharmacy education has been designed to produce the following professional categories of pharmacists; †¢ Community and hospital pharmacists who will work as an important link between doctor and patient and will counsel the patient on various facets of drugs like usage, side effects, indication, contra-indications, compatibilities, in-compatibilities, storage, dosage etc. Specialist in research and development i. e. research of new drug molecules, biotechnical research etc. †¢ Occupational specialist (industrial pharmacist engaged in pharmaceutical technology) i. e. manufacture of various dosage forms, analysis and quality control, clinical trials, post-marketing surveillance, patent application and drug registration, sales and marketing. †¢ Academicians i. e. Teachers of Pharmacy education. †¢ Manager and Administrators of Pharmaceutical Services working for various regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical systems. Future: An Overview In the future, drug treatment will be increasingly and confidently tailored to the individual through the help of specific diagnostics. Many new drugs will be given parenterally and targeted for specific diseases. The pharmacists will need to adapt to this changing pattern in order to be seen by the patient as part of health care team. However in spite of many lacunae in pharmacy education system, the fact cannot be overlooked that tremendous development in the field of new drug discovery and research activities, has taken place. Research centers attached with pharmaceutical institutions have played a major role in this regard. Notable among them are BRNCRC, Mandsaur; TIFAC CORE in JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty; TIFAC CORE and ACCUNOVA in Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal and many more. These steps taken at present to upgrade the pharmacy education must be maintained for proper development and utilization of the course. Apart from these, emphasis should be given on fields like Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Clinical Trials, Drug Regulatory Affairs (National and International). Conclusion Overall, the education system is based not only on infrastructure but also on the teachers, immorality and mismanagement has taken over education. Pharmacy teachers, have to regulate themselves, update their knowledge, deliver excellence and inspire students by adapting values, time management is the other factor that they must bring in their own personality. Education, which they have to deliver, must be of highest standard so that the upcoming pharmacists should not be a liability, but should be able to deliver excellence at national and international levels. â€Å"Success can not be harvested until and unless its seed is sown†

How to Earn an Online MBA Degree

How to Earn an Online MBA Degree Online MBA programs are a popular choice by older adults and mid-career professionals who want to earn a degree without sacrificing their career and family life. Online ​MBA programs are also becoming a fast favorite of the younger crowd, who are looking for ways to earn a graduate degree while keeping their current employment. Many find that online MBA courses offer a flexibility that cant be found in traditional schools. If youre considering earning an online MBA, make sure you do your homework. Knowing the basics will help you make an informed decision about whether or not these programs are right for you. How Online MBA Programs Are Different From Traditional MBA Programs Distance learning and traditional MBA programs generally share a similar type of curriculum and can be considered equally difficult (depending, of course, on the particular school). Instead of spending hours in class, online MBA students are expected to dedicate their time to studying independently. Online curriculum generally consists of lectures, readings, assignments, and participation in online discussions. Some programs also offer multimedia components such as video lectures, podcasting, and video conferencing. Online MBA students from some programs are expected to physically attend a certain number of courses or workshops in order to acquire residency hours. Required tests can usually be taken with proctors in your own community. Online MBA students don’t spend less time studying than their traditional student counterparts. But, they are given the power to fit their school hours into their own schedules. Determining if an MBA Program Is Respectable This question deserves a qualified â€Å"yes.† There are two main factors in determining a business school’s respectability: accreditation and reputation. Online MBA programs that are accredited by the proper agencies should be respected by your future employers and colleagues. However, there are many unaccredited or â€Å"diploma mill† programs that give out worthless degrees. Avoid them at all costs. A school with a good reputation can also add respectability to an online MBA degree. Much like law schools, business schools receive rankings from organizations such as Business Week that can affect future employment. Online students may not be offered the same high-paying, big corporation jobs that graduates from top-ranked schools such as Wharton are. However, there are plenty of companies willing to hire MBA grads with degrees from other institutions. Reasons People Earn Their MBAOnline Online MBA students come from all walks of life. Many distance learning students are mid-career when they decide to get another degree. Older professionals with jobs and family responsibilities often find the flexibility of online programs to be a good fit. Some online students are looking for a career change but still want to maintain their current job until they get their MBA. Others are already working in business and earn their degree in order to be eligible for job promotions. How Long Do Online MBAs Take to Complete The time it takes to finish an online MBA degree varies according to the school and the specialization. Some intensive MBA programs can be finished in as few as nine months. Other programs can take up to four years. Adding specializations to a degree can take even longer. Some schools allow students greater flexibility to work at their own pace while others require that students adhere to more demanding deadlines. Cost of Earning an Online Degree One online MBA degree can​ be had for $10,000, another for $100,000. The cost of tuition varies substantially from college to college. Pricey doesn’t necessarily mean better (although some of the more expensive schools have some of the best reputations). Your employer may be willing to pay for part or all of your educational expenses, particularly if he or she thinks you’ll be sticking with the company. You may also be awarded grants, receive institutional or private scholarships, or qualify for financial aid. Advantages in Having an MBA Many online MBA graduates have used their new degrees to excel at the workplace, gain promotions, and achieve career success. Others have found that their time could have been better spent elsewhere. Those who find their degrees to be â€Å"worth it† share several traits in common: they knew they wanted to work in the business field beforehand, they chose a school with proper accreditation and a positive reputation, and their specialization was appropriate for the type of work they wanted to do. Enrolling in an online MBA program is not a decision to take lightly. Accredited programs require hard work, time, and effort. But, for the right person, an online MBA can be a great way to get a jumpstart in the world of business.

Definition of Dialectology

Definition of Dialectology The scientific study of dialects, or the regional differences in a language. Although to some extent an autonomous discipline, dialectology is regarded by some linguists as a subfield of sociolinguistics. What is Dialectology? Sociolinguists and dialectologists share some goals and methods. We both tend to be interested in the language of a particular place (a speech community), language in use, authentic speech, and defining a language variety in terms of how it might differ from the standard. A major difference is that in the past dialectologists or dialect geographers have been interested in the most divergent, traditional language of a community, assuming that other forms resulted from later movement toward the standard. Sociolinguists, on the other hand, are interested in the full range of forms in a community (and their social evaluation) ...The goals of dialect geography and dialectology have been to show where particular speech features are found, and to discover the boundaries between dialect regions. But dialect geography has also tried to find the most traditional speech in each region, on the assumption that regional dialects are most distinct when they havent been influenced by their neighbors , or by mainstream language.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Dialect Geography Dialect geography [is] a methodology or (more accurately) a set of methods for gathering evidence of dialect differences systematically ...More than a century has elapsed since the first major project in dialect geography was undertaken, and in that time there have been hundreds of projects, great and small, that have made use of the methodology ...The resurgence [of dialect geography] began in the 1980s. We have already noted some of the benchmarks: the revival of the Middle and South Atlantic States project under Kretzschmar, the resumption of analysis of the survey of English dialects by Upton and his associates, and, of course, Pedersons Gulf States publications. In addition to these, significant regional projects are taking place in Spain directed by Manuel Alvar, in France sponsored by the Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, and in many other places, including Mexico, Canary Islands, Vanuatu, and RÃ ©union. Dialect atlases are appearing in relative profusion, some of them belated culminations of old field work and others the end-products of more recent research.One reason for the resurgence is technological. Dialectology, the most data-oriented branch of language studies, finally found itself with tools commensurate to its task.(J. K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Social Dialectology Social dialectology differs from traditional dialectology in its shift of focus from rural, settled communities to communities characterized by immigration and mobility... A sign that social dialectology is maturing as a discipline is that scholars are now able to compare the results of a range of studies in order to locate and explain parallel developments.(David Britain and Jenny Cheshire, Introduction. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. John Benjamins, 2003) Forms of Dialectology In social dialectology, boundaries between varieties are identified on the basis of trained linguists observations of actual phonetic and grammatical features that constitute salient differences between varieties. In regional dialectology, boundaries are identified on the basis of what trained fieldworkers are able to elicit from speakers or speakers reports of what they usually say. In perceptual dialectology, the beliefs and thoughts that non-linguists have about language are used to distinguish varieties. Peoples perceptions about language, whether descriptively accurate or not, are just as important to the researcher as the objective facts about how speakers talk.(Miriam Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2011)

Sociology and Culture Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology and Culture Bachelor - Essay Example More importantly, it is argued that zero-tolerance policy of CPS is direct schoolhouse-to-jailhouse leading way for youth. Medill News Service has reported on January 12, 2005 about a prosecution of a 17-year-old West Town youth for the brutal assault of 43-year-old motorist Shelley Lescester as he was parking his car. "'This is the first step in a long process,' Emily Leuin [sssistant state's attorney] said after the hearing, referring to similar cases dealing with a crime that qualifies a juvenile to be tried as an adult" (Bloustein, 2005). Recent increase of crime rate in Chicago, including aggravated assault, especially amongst juveniles has become a serious issue for the city council. Tracking back the history of crime rate in the past decade one can see a troubling trend emerging. In 1998 Chicago saw an unprecedented decrease of crime. From 1990 to 1998 index crimes including murder, criminal sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft and arson have fallen significantly from 350,000 to 250,000 per year. "We saw this trend emerge in 1992, and except for 1994, when we saw a fractional increase, the trend has been positive ever since" said Terrance W. Gainer, Illinois State Police Director (Illinois State Police, 1998).

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example its from the farm business continually; thus a farm manager needs to adjust his or her farm organization time by time to keep abreast of changes in methods of farming, prices variability, and the available resources among other factors. This means that for a farming business to succeed, a manager should, therefore, develop core functions to secure the success of the business. Some of the main functions that should be developed, in this case, a coffee farming business, include internal, external, and support functions (BROWN, 2008, p. 53-56). This paper will, therefore; discuss the roles and responsibilities of these functions and the significance of the functions to the sole traders and SME’s in the success of their businesses. First, internal functions consist of all necessary and essential business activities that help lay a foundation for a business. They are, therefore, required to continue the business objectives that are established by the business owner during an establishment of a business. Internal functions are also needed to continue the regular activities of a business and examples of the internal functions acquisition of finance, hiring of labour, purchasing raw materials, overhead expenses, and production of goods. In a coffee farming business, acquisition of finances is important since it will need high capital at the start-up and the running of the farm activities. Finances can be acquired from investors, banks, and other financial institutions and resources can be channelled to initiate some of the preliminary activities such as purchasing machineries such as processing plants, buildings, and land. Once this is done, the farm will need labour; people who will help cultivate the land, plant ing coffee and making sure the coffee plants are a conducive environment to grow. Additionally, the business also requires a management team, who will carry out function such as controlling the overhead expenses, controlling the production of coffee, and

Health Care Communication Paper Essay Example for Free

Health Care Communication Paper Essay Our facility is going to be changing a lot in the weeks and months to come. As the administration of the nursing home, I am going to make sure that this transition happens as smoothly as possible. The patients that have decided to stay must try their hardest to adhere to the new policies that have been set. The patients that have decided to go somewhere else will very greatly missed. The patients who cannot communicate their decision for one reason or another will be placed where the staff and I see fit, whether it be in our facility or somewhere else. This facility wants to ensure all patients and residents that we want to make these changes as painless as possible. Thank all of you for the time you have given the staff and me these last ten years, and for the time you will give in the future. There are three different types of communication in the medical field: traditional communication, electronic communication, communication through social media. There are advantages and disadvantages to each different type of communication. Traditional communication includes speaking face to face and mail (letters). Electronic modes of communication are email phone (home or cell phone), texting, and chatting. Social media involves communicating with several people or just one person at a time using public forums or private messaging through such websites facebook and twitter. Each and every type of communication is equally as important as the other but they all have their own advantages and disadvantages. Traditional forms of communication as simple as can be but they can confuse anyone if every step is not done correctly. You would think that speaking to someone face to face would be the best way to communicate but this is not always the case. Anyone can miscommunicate what they are trying to say. There can be other barriers like language barriers and also emotional barriers. If someone speaks a different language it can be hard to understand them unless there is an interpreter available, which isn’t always possible. Emotional barriers are hard because when health care is involved things can go wrong and people then become angry, sad, and/or tired. When this happens they may not want to listen to or respond to their doctors. Face to face communication is good too because you can ask questions then and there, and receive advice from your physician without having to wait too long. Mail can be very annoying because it can take days or weeks to reach its destination and more days or weeks to receive a response. The only good thing about mail would be that you will have documentation of your physician’s opinions and test results. Traditional communication methods have been around for a long time but times are changing and these types of communication are becoming few and far between. Electronic communication seems to be where most people end up communication, even to our doctors and other health care officials. We call, email, and even text to tell doctors and nurses our health care problems before we even consider actually going to a doctor’s office and speaking to the doctor in person. These communication techniques are good because we can receive answers to our questions also instantly if the health care official isn’t busy. One disadvantage is that someone may not get back to you as soon as you would like; which will leave you at home, wondering what you should do. Electronic communication isn’t exactly the best form of health care because if the doctor cannot actually see the patient and test their symptoms they cannot defiantly tell a patient what is wrong with them. Social media is becoming more and more popular every day because it is a way to keep in touch with people we don’t see every day. It has also become home for all kinds of new and old information, including health care information. This can be a great way to communicate about health care because people can learn new things about health care and medicine every day. People can also communicate with organizations full of doctors and nurses who can teach patients about any news in the health care world and advise patients on how to take care of themselves. This may sound great but there are terrible disadvantages to this type of health care communication. You never know who you are actually speaking to on the internet. What could appear to be an organization of doctors and nurses who want to offer free health care advice could be someone who knows absolutely nothing about medicine. Social media websites are not the best place to look for any sort of medical advice because patients want real help.

Truman’s Policy of Containment: As related to the Individual and Socie

Truman’s Policy of Containment: As related to the Individual and Society Containment in foreign policy is known as the strategy suggested by George Kennan to prevent Soviet expansionism by exerting counter pressure along Soviet borders. The Truman Doctrine was the name given to a speech President Truman delivered to a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, in which he proclaimed a new policy and role for the United States in global affairs. Specifically, the president sought $400 million in economic and military assistance for Greece and Turkey, two strategic Mediterranean countries threatened by subversive forces supported by the Soviet Union, after the British said a month earlier that they could no longer provide the needed support. To justify aid for Greece and Turkey to a skeptical Congress, Truman placed the situation in the context of broader changes that he saw taking place in global politics. Truman felt that the peoples of a number of countries had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will. At the time the United States had made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Yalta agreement, in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria, but those protests proved insufficient. Truman declared that the United States must now be willing â€Å"to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes.† The sweeping language of the speech and the worldwide commitment to assist any state threatened by totalitarianism gained it the status of a â€Å"doctrine† and a lasting policy for the United States. The speech became a declaration of Cold War. The i ssue was begin... ...hat they wanted to unlike the way it under a communist regime. As related to the humanities based theme of the individual and society Truman and his policy of containment helped improve the way we look at life and the status of the world at the time and now. Bibliography: - A Report to the National Security Council, April 14, 1950, p. 5. - Congressional Record, vol. 93, pt. 2, March 12, 1947, pp. 1980-81. - The Parenthetical Passages from Mr. X [George Kennan], â€Å"The Sources of Soviet Conduct,† Foreign Affairs (July 1947), pp. 566-82. - Kagan, Donald. The Western Heritage, 6th edition. pp. 1075-77. - Mansbach, Richard. The Global Puzzle. pp. 112-13. - 5 Apr. 1999. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photos/av-photo.htm (20 Apr. 1999). - 31 Mar. 1999. http://www.earthstation1.com/Miscellaneous_wwII_pictures.html (20 Apr. 1999).

Effects of Mass Media Essay

Questions: What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century? One of the major developments in the 20th century had to be the revolution of the internet. With having media that would be presented at the time in which it happened, gave the American people more informative information. While many news sources chose what information was given to us, the internet gave us the ability to see firsthand what was happening not only in America but in other Countries. Having the ability to choose what we would want to research, be it; war, history etc. the 20th century made that possible for us. As it was back in the 50’s there were only 4 major news sources, and they all came to agree with what would be seen on the television in regards to news, etc. With the ability of instant messaging, it not only gave us the instant access of what may be happening, it gave us the ability to find it ourselves. Having the ability to watch different media sources on the inter net, gives us the opportunity to uncover things that may not have been given to us through the mass media. There are many documentaries that are available to us, and being able to find more information on a subject that we feel is important is easily at out fingertips. Mass media has forever changed the way in which we learn, develop, and research. We have changed so much that our younger generations only know this way in which to communicate. Having so much information available has given a whole new meaning to what we watch on television to how we communicate to family that is not near. How did each development influence American culture? Answers: With the developments of mass media it has given us many opportunities to find out information on many subjects that we may not have been able to find out so recently. As, it was back in the 50s through the 80’s mass media was what we heard on the evening news or read in the newspapers now it is at our fingertips, and we are able to find out just about anything as it happens.  With the development of mass media, we can now instantly chat with someone that may be on the other side of the world. With the ability to Skype and instant message, we can share information and though it is not as personal; it is the new way to communicate. Today, the news broadcasts have changed, with the major news groups still deciding what will be on a broadcast we have the ability to find out more information on the subject at hand. There are many websites that have more information available to us that we can choose what we watch. Many people feel that they need to share more of the news mediaâ €™s information which in turn gives us the ability to research a subject on our own and find what we may feel is the truth. Mass media has changed so many things, in the last century that knowing where it may end up in another century is the question. Being well informed is something that the mass media has given us, and using it to help with questions or information is now what can be expected.

Icas Inkwell Essay

3.1.The weaknesses identifying in Inkwell Ltd are that one person operates the payroll system. Payroll and Personnel Database Clerk does not have enough experience and had only one day training to operate Sage. Employee is responsible for running two payrolls, a monthly payroll for management and salaries staff, and a weekly payroll for hourly paid staff. Recommendations to avoid errors and potential fraud are to appoint another person to overview and check the work. Another option is to employ second trained person or train one of the current employees to help Payroll and Personnel Database Clerk in duties, as well as replace in case of illness or holidays or to train one of the current employees from another department. 3.2.Company’s employees do not comply with the policy. Passwords are not kept secret and had not been changed since they were set-up. Every computer uses the same password. Unauthorised people have access to the computers, which may lead to fraud. Change the password on each computer and remind everyone to regularly change it, for instance, every six months. In addition, arrange a meeting with the staff and explain the policy with examples what may happen, if the staff does not comply with the policy. Point out that, if the rules continue to be broken, disciplinary actions would be taken. 3.3.Shops, warehouse and administration staff does not have system to sign in and out when arriving and leaving work. All wages paid rely on managers’ honesty to provide accurate and honest information. Recommendation is to purchase software, for instance ‘BePunctual Biometric Time and Attendance Tracking Software for Employee’. As well as set up a Network where all computers can be connected and data is available to other departments. 3.4.All computers in the company work as stand-alone. There is no network set-up to allow transfer of data, as well as access shared files in case of absence of the member of staff. Very useful would be to set-up a network connected by one server, when computers would integrate. This would save time on writing e-mails and copying data.

Free Essays on Insanity And The Eighth Amendment

Insanity And The Eighth Amendment Our constitution lays out certain rights and privileges that are to protect the citizens of our nation. Over the years, the Supreme Court has handed down rulings on specific cases that determine how our constitution is read and adhered too. Many times, there are people on both sides of the issue at hand. One such issue for me is the problem with Criminal Insanity. People who argue, and receive a â€Å"Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity†, (NGRI), are often shipped away to a mental facility to spend long sentences. To me, this is a violation of ones Eighth Amendment rights against cruel and unusual punishment. Eighth Amendment The Eighth Amendment of the constitution states that persons are protected from cruel and unusual punishment from the government. This means that you cannot be put to death simply from stealing a piece of bubble gum. It was intended to balance the sentences to match the severity of the crime for which a person is being tried. Over the years, as our society has changed, the notion of what is just and fair for a particular crime has changed. Most of this is shown in how the Supreme Court rules on cases that come before it. Insanity Plea The insanity defense is a possible defense by excuse, which a defendant may argue that they should not be held criminally liable for breaking the law, as they were mentally ill or mentally incompetent at the time of their allegedly "criminal" actions. This defense is based on a principle that punishment is only reasonable if the defendant is capable of both controlling their behavior and understanding that they have committed a "wrongful act". It is argued that if someone is suffering from a mental disorder so that they are not capable of knowing or choosing right from wrong, they should not be punished. A defendant making this argument might be said to be pleading "Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity" (NGRI). In 1982, the American Psych... Free Essays on Insanity And The Eighth Amendment Free Essays on Insanity And The Eighth Amendment Insanity And The Eighth Amendment Our constitution lays out certain rights and privileges that are to protect the citizens of our nation. Over the years, the Supreme Court has handed down rulings on specific cases that determine how our constitution is read and adhered too. Many times, there are people on both sides of the issue at hand. One such issue for me is the problem with Criminal Insanity. People who argue, and receive a â€Å"Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity†, (NGRI), are often shipped away to a mental facility to spend long sentences. To me, this is a violation of ones Eighth Amendment rights against cruel and unusual punishment. Eighth Amendment The Eighth Amendment of the constitution states that persons are protected from cruel and unusual punishment from the government. This means that you cannot be put to death simply from stealing a piece of bubble gum. It was intended to balance the sentences to match the severity of the crime for which a person is being tried. Over the years, as our society has changed, the notion of what is just and fair for a particular crime has changed. Most of this is shown in how the Supreme Court rules on cases that come before it. Insanity Plea The insanity defense is a possible defense by excuse, which a defendant may argue that they should not be held criminally liable for breaking the law, as they were mentally ill or mentally incompetent at the time of their allegedly "criminal" actions. This defense is based on a principle that punishment is only reasonable if the defendant is capable of both controlling their behavior and understanding that they have committed a "wrongful act". It is argued that if someone is suffering from a mental disorder so that they are not capable of knowing or choosing right from wrong, they should not be punished. A defendant making this argument might be said to be pleading "Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity" (NGRI). In 1982, the American Psych...

A Lack of Tech-Friendly Policies Means US Could Loose Its Lead Essay Sample

The article â€Å"A Lack of Tech-Friendly Policies Means US Could Loose Its Lead† provides relevant treatment about deficiency of proper proficient inventions in the state. It is argued that the state strongly lacks proficient geographic expeditions. new in-migration workers policy and more low-cost instruction. The writer references that the US is a state with tremendous resources. venture capital and the best universities. but the state should move quicker to keep world’s taking place in technological domain. I think that the article is really of import for country’s policy because it highlights current jobs and challenges. Nowadays engineerings are fleetly developing in many Asiatic states. particularly in China. Japan and Korea. and. in my sentiment. the US authorities should pay more attending to policies which encourage and promote technological inventions and scientific geographic expeditions in the energetic field. Actually. the state has adept applied scientists to interchange information and proper resources to use. It goes without stating that the US is really powerful state in all domains. but nowadays the country’s authorities wages attending to contending terrorist act. war in Iraq. and racial favoritism and neglects the bedrock of economic issues which are considered the nucleus of country’s fight at the world’s scene. I agree with the writer that â€Å"innovation starts from education† . and the fact that â€Å"too many pupils are dropping out of school. and excessively few are analyzing math and science† is truly dissatisfactory for me. I think that making more occupations. actuating pupils to larn. and increasing productiveness will excite technological development of the state. The writer is really persuasive as he offers relevant grounds and claims of cardinal political figures to escalate the feeling and do people cognizant of bing jobs. However. I don’t like the thoughts of working out new atom bombs. Space missions. in my sentiment. are of import as they help to understand our universe better.

British Airways Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Airways - Assignment Example Therefore one of the most important element of the marketing is the communication or promotion; along with the other elements such as product, price and place. Communication is a unique tool used by marketers in attempt persuades to target audience to act in a desired manner. The study looks to focus on the marketing and communications strategy of a British Airways. Over the course of the study marketing and strategic concepts such as the 4 P’s of marketing, SWOT analysis, Integrated Marketing Communication has been used. An overview of the marketing mix of the company has been provided. However, the study looks to focus on advertisement, and public relations strategy of the company. Also the social media marketing strategy of the company has been discusses as social media has emerged as a potent marketing and communications platform (Belch and Michael, 2005, p. 105). Company Overview British Airways happens to be the largest airline in the UK. The company sot privatized in th e year 1987. The company provides international and domestic carriage for mail, freight and ancillary services. In association with the franchisee partners and code share the company flies to over three hundred destinations. The company earnings are more than ?10 billion in revenue. The airline has carried more than 35 million passengers and has more than 42,000 employees. Marketing of British Airways: An overview Marketing mix is a set of elements which the company can control or manage to its advantage for marketing purpose. Neil Borden termed these manipulate elements as the ‘Marketing Mix’. The key elements of the marketing mix are product, place, price and promotion. The most integral part of the exchange process, without which there is no scope of marketing product covers the term both goods & services. To sell the product in the market the company must fix a price. Pricing of the product particularly pricing as compared to the competitors is a vital part of the m arketing. This part of the marketing mix is all about distribution of the products. The company must select the channels of distribution carefully to minimize distribution cost & get competitive advantage. The distribution network of the company includes wholesalers, retailers, franchisees, agents etc. Promotion is used by the marketers to generate demand for a product. Mainly the companies use the promotional mix to promote the product. The elements of the promotional mix are: advertisement, sales Promotion, public relation, personal selling, and direct marketing. The promotional mix happens to the core area of interest of the study. Among the elements of the promotional mix advertisement, sales promotion, public relations would be given special emphasis (Henry, 2008, p. 98). Product To be precise, British airways offers services, i.e. flights across different nations. The main USP of the product strategy is the quality of flights. The company has always been known for esteemed ser vices targeted towards the executive and business class. Pricing The pricing strategy has been derived by the company is such a way so that the consumers may book the seats based on their choice and budgets. For example, there may be some customers paying